How URLs Work: A Beginner’s Guide to Web Addresses

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Last updated Aug 1, 2025

WordPress Basics | WordPress Guides

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TL;DR

  • A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is a unique web address that tells browsers where to find a specific resource online.
  • It’s built from distinct parts: a protocol (https://), a domain name, and a path (/page-name).
  • The domain name itself is composed of a subdomain (www), a second-level domain (example), and a top-level domain (.com).
  • Creating clean, readable URLs is critical for good user experience (UX) and high search engine rankings (SEO).

Why Understanding URLs Matters

Understanding how URLs work is essential for anyone building websites or working with the internet.
URLs, or Uniform Resource Locators, are the addresses that point to every website, webpage, or resource online. If you’ve ever wondered what those web addresses mean or how they work, this guide will help break it down for you.
This post covers the basics of URLs, their structure, and tips for optimizing them for SEO. You’ll learn how to make your website both user-friendly and easy for search engines to understand.
By the end, you’ll know how URLs work and why they are important, especially for WordPress sites.

The Anatomy of a URL: Breaking Down a Web Address

At its core, a URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is the address of a webpage or resource on the internet. Just like your home address helps people find where you live, a URL helps browsers locate and display websites. It tells the browser where to go to find the information you’re looking for.

How Urls Work - An infographic breaking down the parts of a URL using the example "https://www.example.com". Each section is color-coded and points to a box with an explanation: 'https' is the Protocol, 'www' is the World Wide Web, 'example' is the Domain Name, and '.com' is the Top-Level Domain (TLD).
A typical URL looks something like this: https://www.example.com/page-name.

Breaking this down:

  • https:// is the protocol, which tells the browser how to communicate with the website’s server. Most modern websites use HTTPS, which is a secure version of HTTP.
  • www (Subdomain) is the most common subdomain, which stands for “World Wide Web.” Other subdomains can exist, like blog.example.com or shop.example.com
  • example.com is the domain name, the unique address that leads to a specific website.
  • Top-Level Domain (TLD) is the TLD. It’s the highest level in the domain hierarchy. Other popular TLDs include .org, .net, and country-specific ones like .co.uk or .ca.
  • /page-name is the path, which directs the browser to a specific page or resource within the site.
So, how does a URL work? The browser reads the URL, finds the website’s server, and loads the page or resource on your screen. It’s a simple concept, but it plays a crucial role in how we navigate the web.

Parts of a URL

Now that you know the basics of what a URL is, let’s look more closely at the different parts that make up a URL:

1. Protocol: https://

The protocol is the first part of the URL and tells the browser how to connect to the web server. The most common protocols are:
  • HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): The basic communication protocol of the web.
  • HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure): A more secure version of HTTP, which encrypts data to protect sensitive information.
How URLs Work
Most modern websites use HTTPS because it ensures secure communication, which is important for SEO and user trust.

2. Domain Name: blog.example.com

The domain name is the human-friendly address of the website. It’s often called the “main address,” but it’s actually made up of three distinct parts:

  • Subdomain: The blog. part is a subdomain. The most common one is www, but websites often use others to organize content (e.g., shop.example.com or app.example.com). It acts like a specific department within the main website.
  • Second-Level Domain (SLD): The example part is the SLD. This is the unique name you register for your website—it’s your core brand identity online.
  • Top-Level Domain (TLD): The .com part is the TLD. It’s the suffix that follows the domain name. While .com is the most popular, others like .org, .net, and country-specific TLDs (like .co.uk or .ca) are also common.

3. Path: /category/post

The path refers to a specific page or file on the website. It works just like a folder structure on your computer, guiding the browser to a specific page, article, or file. 

In the URL https://www.example.com/category/post, the /category/post is the path, which directs the user to a particular blog post.

4. Query String and Parameters: ?id=123

Some URLs have a query string that adds extra information, often used for tracking or showing specific data. For example:

https://www.example.com/search?q=URL+guide

The q=URL+guide part is the query string. It’s telling the website to search for the term “URL guide.”

5. Fragment: #section-name

A fragment (also known as an anchor) refers to a specific section within a webpage. You’ve probably seen URLs that end with #section-name. This is a way to direct users to a specific part of the page without reloading the whole thing.

Types of URLs

URLs can be categorized into a few types, each with its unique purpose:

1. Static URLs vs. Dynamic URLs

  • Static URLs: These URLs don’t change and are the same every time a user visits them. An example of a static URL is https://www.example.com/about-us. Static URLs are preferred for SEO because they are easier for search engines to crawl and index.
  • Dynamic URLs: These change based on the input a user provides or on dynamic content generated by the website. For example, a dynamic URL may look like https://www.example.com/product?id=12345. While dynamic URLs are useful for displaying customized content, they can be less SEO-friendly if not optimized correctly.

2. Absolute URLs vs. Relative URLs

  • Absolute URLs: These include the full URL, starting from the protocol (https://), domain, and path.
  • Relative URLs: These are shorter and omit the domain name, assuming the link refers to the same website. For example, /contact-us is a relative URL.

How URLs Affect SEO

URLs play a significant role in SEO, affecting both how search engines rank your site and how users perceive it. Here are a few ways URLs can impact SEO:

1. Use SEO-Friendly URLs

SEO-friendly URLs are clean, short, and easy to read. For example:

https://www.example.com/clean-url is much better than 

https://www.example.com/page?id=12345&session=xyz.

To make your URLs SEO-friendly:

  • Keep them short and descriptive.
  • Use hyphens (-) to separate words, not underscores (_).
  • Avoid special characters like & or %.
  • Use lowercase letters.

2. Include Keywords

Including relevant keywords in your URL can help search engines understand the content of your page.

For example, if your post is about ‘how URLs work,’ a URL like https://www.example.com/how-urls-work is clear and good for SEO.

3. Avoid Duplicate Content

Duplicate content can happen if your site is accessible with both http:// and https://, or with and without www.

To fix this, use redirects or canonical tags to show search engines which URL to use.

Common URL Mistakes to Avoid

Creating SEO-friendly URLs may seem straightforward, but there are common mistakes to avoid:
  • Long URLs: Lengthy URLs with unnecessary parameters or words are not only hard to read but also less attractive to users and search engines.
  • Special Characters: URLs with special characters like %, &, or = can cause issues with search engines and users alike. Stick to letters, numbers, and hyphens.
  • Case Sensitivity: In some cases, URLs are case-sensitive, so https://example.com/Page and https://example.com/page could be treated as two different URLs, leading to confusion and SEO issues.

How to Create a Good URL?

Creating a clean, SEO-friendly URL is easier than you think. Follow these steps:
  • Choose a Relevant Domain Name: Choose a short, memorable domain name that relates to your business or website content.
  • Use Keywords in the Path: Ensure your URL path reflects the content of the page, including relevant keywords.
  • Keep it simple: Make sure your URL is easy to read and understand for both people and search engines.
  • Avoid Special Characters: Stick to alphanumeric characters and hyphens.

URL Redirects and When to Use Them

URL redirects help keep your website’s SEO strong and improve user experience, especially when your site changes. They send users and search engines from one URL to another.

This way, visitors won’t see broken links or errors when they try to access a page.

There are two main types of redirects you should know about:

1. 301 Redirect (Permanent Redirect)

A 301 redirect is permanent, meaning the old URL is moved to a new address. It’s important for SEO because it passes most of the ranking power, or ‘link juice,’ from the old URL to the new one.

When to use a 301 redirect:

  • When you’ve permanently changed the URL structure of your site.
  • If you’ve moved your website to a new domain.
  • When you’ve consolidated pages and need to redirect outdated pages to newer content.

Example:

If you’re migrating a blog post from https://www.example.com/old-blog to https://www.example.com/new-blog, you would use a 301 redirect to tell search engines that the new blog URL is the permanent home.

2. 302 Redirect (Temporary Redirect)

A 302 redirect is a temporary redirect, which means the old URL is temporarily pointing to a new location. Search engines don’t pass SEO value to the new URL because they expect the redirect to be temporary.

When to use a 302 redirect:

  • When you’re performing site maintenance or updates and want to temporarily redirect users.
  • If you’re A/B testing different versions of a webpage.
  • When you expect to return the original URL in the near future.

Example:

If you’re updating a product page and need to temporarily send visitors to another page, use a 302 redirect.

Impact on SEO

Using the correct type of redirect is important for SEO. A 301 redirect passes the majority of ranking signals, making it ideal for permanent URL changes. 

A 302 redirect, on the other hand, does not transfer SEO value, which makes it useful only for temporary situations.

Advanced URL Features

Basic URLs work fine. Advanced features like canonical URLs, tracking parameters, and UTM codes help you handle duplicate content.

They also help you track how well your site is performing. And they can also improve SEO. Let’s dive into each of these features:

1. Canonical URLs

A canonical URL helps search engines understand which version of a page should be indexed and ranked. This is especially useful when you have multiple versions of a page, such as a blog post that can be accessed via different URLs.
A canonical tag tells search engines which version is the “master” or preferred URL to avoid duplicate content issues.

When to use canonical URLs:

  • When you have the same content available under different URLs.
  • When you’re syndicating content across multiple websites.

Example:

If your product page can be accessed via both https://www.example.com/product-a and https://www.example.com/category/product-a, a canonical tag can point search engines to the preferred version.

2. Tracking Parameters

Tracking parameters are used to collect additional data on how users interact with your website. These parameters are added to URLs and do not change the content of the page.

Common tracking parameters include campaign IDs, source information, and search queries.

For example, a URL with tracking parameters might look like:

https://www.example.com/page?utm_source=google&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=spring_sale.

When to use tracking parameters:

  • When you want to measure the success of marketing campaigns.
  • To track traffic from specific sources (such as social media or email marketing).

3. UTM Codes

A UTM code is a tracking tool used in URLs. It helps you see how well your marketing campaigns are performing. UTM codes provide information on the source, medium, and campaign name.

Example:

If you’re running an email marketing campaign, you might use a UTM code like this:

https://www.example.com/product-page?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=holiday_sale.
Why use UTM codes:
  • They allow you to track where your website traffic is coming from and how effective your campaigns are.
  • UTM codes give insights into user behavior for better targeting and content personalization.

4. Query Parameters

Query parameters are often used to pass data to and from URLs, typically as part of a search or filter function. A query parameter is added after a question mark (?) in the URL and is followed by key-value pairs that provide more information.

Example:

A query parameter in a URL might look like this:

https://www.example.com/search?query=shoes.

While query parameters can be useful, it’s important to minimize their use in SEO-friendly URLs to avoid long and complex URLs that are hard to read or index.

Using advanced URL features can help your site’s SEO. They also give you better insights into how users interact with your site and how well your marketing campaigns work.

Understanding how to use URL redirects, canonical URLs, and tracking parameters is important.

These practices will make your site easier to use and improve its performance in search engines.

Conclusion

Understanding how URLs work is vital for both website owners and everyday internet users. Clean and structured URLs make your website easier to use and improve its SEO. This helps your site rank higher in search results.
If you are making new URLs for your WordPress site or updating the ones you have, it’s important to follow best practices. This will help you make the most of your web addresses.

Now that you know how URLs work and why they matter, you can start implementing these tips on your own site.

If you need assistance with optimizing your URLs or improving your website, our team at Kiwistic is here to help.

    Ognjen Velickovic

    With a focus on web development and project management, I’m driven by a passion for helping people reach their goals. I thrive on building solutions, growing through new knowledge and partnerships, and expanding by sharing what we create with a broader audience.

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